Holt Earth Science Directed Reading Answer Key

Many dating methods plant a maximum age for many earth and space systems that is much too small to confirm the evolutionary age of 4.5 billion years.

Then God said, "Let there be lights in the empyrean of the heavens to divide the day from the nighttime; and permit them be for signs and seasons, and for days and years; and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth"; and information technology was so. And so God made two nifty lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He made the stars as well.

—Genesis 1:fourteen–xvi

What You Will Acquire

Evolutionists and young globe creationists both agree that the earth is about the aforementioned age every bit the solar system. Evolutionists believe that both formed spontaneously near four.5 billion years ago. Young-world creationists believe that the globe was formed on Day One and the residue of the solar system and universe on Day Four. Ultimately, these two positions are based on foundational beliefs— man's authority versus God's potency. Evolutionary scientists get-go with man's ideas about the age of the globe and build their theories around a fix of starting assumptions. These assumptions are and so used to interpret the data from the different dating techniques that tin be used to estimate the ages of the earth. The well-nigh popular of these methods uses radioactive isotopes to calculate the age of rocks, simply in that location are other methods that practice not concur with the estimation of radiometric information. These other methods are frequently ignored or explained away past evolutionists.

Immature globe creationists point to dating techniques that put a limit on the age of the earth and solar system. These methods include the forcefulness of the earth'south magnetic field, the amount of common salt in the ocean, the history of homo civilizations, and others to confirm the biblical models and show that the evolutionary models cannot be accurate. These methods found a maximum age for many globe and space systems that is much too pocket-size to confirm the evolutionary age of iv.5 billion years.

From a biblical perspective, any dates that extend beyond vi,000 years must exist rejected. When considering life on globe, including human cultures and artifacts, nosotros must also consider the Overflowing of 4,300 years ago. Cave paintings made 15,000 years agone are presented as fact in the textbooks, but these dates cannot exist accepted as truth co-ordinate to the ultimate standard—the Bible.

What Your Textbook Says about the Age of the Solar Arrangement

Evolutionary Concept	Prentice Hall	Glencoe	Holt	Articles
People used to believe the earth was half dozen,000 years old but science has shown information technology formed iv.six billion years ago.	T1C, ii, T306C–D, 336–337, 347, 350	6, 385, 387, 557, T563, 570–571, T576, 578–579, T581, 581–582, 610, T662, 648, T686	27, 35, 185, 216–217	4:1, four:3, 5:1, 5:2, 5:iii, 5:four
Homo history goes dorsum tens of thousands of years.	T354	T384C, 385, T654, T654C, T678, 715	226, T406, T417D, T657D	v:1, five:2, v:3, 5:4, 5:v, v:6, v:vii
Earth's processes (magnetic field, climate, energy/matter, volcanic activity, continent formation, ocean salinity, precession, etc.) indicate that it is very old.	20–21, 94, T156C, T278D, 287, 423, T586D, T600, 602, 657, 664–665	234, 359, 393–395, T395C, 471, 481, T490, 565, T654D, 657, 679, 686, T697, 740–741, T783, 783	36, 155, 173, T237D, T244, 244–245, 257, 259, 291, 338, T469D, 548, 740, T777	5:one, 9:one

Note: Page numbers preceded by "T" point items from the teacher notes found in the margins of the Teacher's Edition.

What We Really Know most the Age of the Solar Arrangement

If yous were to ask virtually people how we determine the age of the earth and the solar system you would probably hear something virtually radiometric dating of rocks. Although this is one mode that evolutionary scientists interpret the age of the globe, there are many other techniques that tin can exist used. Both evolutionists and biblical creationists would agree that the globe and the solar system are nigh the same age—the actual age of each is where they disagree.

Other methods can exist used to date events in the history of the solar system. Using lunar recession, nosotros established a limit of i.5 billion years on the age of the moon (see chapter 3). This does not mean that the solar system is that one-time, but that it cannot be older than that. Since the biblical age of 6,000 years falls within that age and the evolutionary age of 4.5 billion years is well across that limit, this dating technique confirms the biblical model every bit a reasonable answer. The moon was created very near its present position and has moved away from the globe in the concluding 6,000 years.

Glencoe 395

Despite the evolutionists' claim that the salinity of the sea is constant, there is no physical mechanism to support the claim. Of the known inputs and outputs of common salt only about 25% of sodium tin can be shown to leave the oceans. This limits the age of the oceans to 62 million years—a problem for evolutionists.

The amount of common salt in the oceans is another way to set a limit on the age of the earth's oceans. In the evolutionary model, the seas formed over 4 billion years ago. Common salt has been accumulating in the oceans as salts menstruation into the oceans from rivers. Evolutionists claim that the sodium content is in a steady-country "because salts are removed from the body of water at the same rate as they are added" (Glencoe, p. 394). This is a fake statement. Only about 25% of the sodium tin be shown to be leaving the ocean. Knowing the rates of sodium input and output, the maximum age of the oceans can be calculated at 62 1000000 years. Over again, this does not fit within a billions-of-years explanation.

Within the biblical creation model, nosotros can explicate the relatively loftier concentration of sodium and other salts in the seas. If the globe were only 6,000 years onetime and we assumed that the change in salinity has been constant, the seas would contain much less salt than they do. However, we cannot forget that there was a global Overflowing about 4,300 years ago. Equally the Overflowing ripped up the surface of the globe, much mineral content would accept been dissolved in the water that would eventually become today'southward seas.

It is also impossible to know how salty the seas were at the time of their creation. More common salt would have been transported to the seas as the water flowed off of the continents. Later, reservoirs (similar the 1 that formed Grand Canyon) released their water and dissolved salts into the ocean basins. Starting with the history of the Bible, we can explain the nowadays conditions of the oceans better than if we kickoff from evolutionary assumptions and uniformitarian principles.

Other dating methods put a limit on the age of the earth and the solar system. Globe's magnetic field is condign weaker. Evolutionists take created a hypothesis to explicate the cyclical nature of the direction of the earth's magnetic field. This hypothesis has many bug and maintains that the field takes hundreds of thousands of years to contrary. The zebra-striped pattern of magnetism in the spreading body of water floor is used as testify that the ocean basins are many millions of years old. This volition be discussed in more detail in chapter ix.

Evidence from lava flows has shown a rapid change of 45° in the magnetic field direction over a 15-twenty-four hours period. Creationists explain this as fluctuation during the catastrophic events of the Flood period, while evolutionists have bully difficulty explaining such rapid changes.

Indicators of the youthfulness of the solar system, and therefore the world, are the intricate rings of Saturn and Uranus, and the large amounts of heat given off by planets like Jupiter. The presence of comets and other evidences discussed in affiliate three confirm the biblical pedagogy of a young earth and solar system.

The textbooks, every bit well as whatsoever other source of evolutionary content, use the discussion prehistoric when referring to events that allegedly occurred before recorded history. Fossils are frequently described equally being from prehistoric times equally is art plant in caves and the development of agriculture. The idea of prehistoric men hunting prehistoric animals is not a biblically sound idea. As Genesis is a record of the earth and universe from "the kickoff," there could non have been anything that existed before the beginning—aside from God. So there could have been nil before recorded history. Based on this argument, the term prehistoric is unbiblical. Nosotros may consider things to exist aboriginal if they are thousands of years former, just there has never existed a time during which written records have non been kept.

When Adam was created on Day Six, he had the ability to communicate with God and Eve. The ability to name the many animals that he named demonstrates his intellect and control of language. With such intellect, why would we accept that he was not able to write as well? His grandsons are noted for their skills in metalworking and music, so information technology is natural to assume that they could record ideas in written form. Any records kept before the Flood would take been lost, except for those that Noah could have very easily preserved aboard the Ark. Though the earliest known written records come from the period shortly after the Alluvion, there is no biblical reason to uncertainty that these ancient men and women could read and write. We cannot rightly call events, peoples, and artifacts prehistoric because the highlights of man history are recorded from the beginning of time.

How, exactly, do we arrive at the dates that should exist assigned to events that are both historic and allegedly prehistoric? The answer is to wait to the Bible as the primary source of truth. Since the Bible is the inspired Word of God, we can trust its history. When nosotros wait at the Bible, we see that the earth is only virtually 6,000 years old—a merits that evolutionists must deny.

Although man's ideas almost the age of the globe continue to modify, God's Give-and-take remains a constant source of truth.

The 6,000-year historic period of the earth is quite simple to glean from the Bible, though at that place is no passage that says exactly how quondam the earth is. We know that at that place have been roughly 2,000 years between the present and the birth of Christ. There were approximately 2,000 years between Christ and Abraham, and then the Bible gives detailed genealogies from Abraham to Adam. Genesis 5 and eleven provide chronological genealogies that, through some elementary add-on, provide another 2,000 years between Adam and Abraham. Combining these three periods of human history, nosotros arrive at the biblical age of approximately 6,000 years.

Knowing the biblical historic period of the earth, we tin can compare the dates given in the textbooks and other sources. Whatever dates across half-dozen,000 years must be incorrect interpretations of the evidence. I instance is the dating of cave art to 15,000 years ago. Since the caves were formed after the Flood, these drawings cannot be older than most 4,300 years. Likewise, any cultures or their artifacts cannot be older than the dispersion at Babel. This consequence happened afterwards the Flood and earlier Abraham, or around 4,200 years ago. The inflated ages given to these ancient cultures are based on evolutionary and uniformitarian assumptions. These faulty assumptions lead to faulty dates.

Only as we cannot accept dates for events on globe that extend across 6,000 years, neither can we have dates of billions of years for the formation of the globe and the solar system. Ultimately, the historic period of the earth and the solar system are based on beliefs. Believing that evolutionary science can answer the question leads many to an age of 4.v billion years. Believing in the Bible equally the source for truth leads to a radically dissimilar determination—an globe which is vi,000 years erstwhile.

Reference Commodity Summaries

v:one Evidence for a young world

Humphreys, www.answersingenesis.org/docs/4005.asp

Fourteen natural phenomena are presented that demonstrate the young historic period of the world. Many natural processes can be used to fix a maximum age of the globe. This article explains each of the methods and the maximum age calculated—all of which prove that the world is likewise immature to take formed 4.5 billion years ago.

The dating methods include the following: galaxies that air current themselves up too fast, too few supernova remnants, short-lived comets, also piddling sea floor mud, too footling sodium in the ocean, earth's strong magnetic field, tightly aptitude strata, intact DNA in fossils, radiohalos, helium in minerals, carbon-14 in deep layers, too few Rock Age skeletons, the recent evolution of agronomics, and the short history of written records. These evidences, forth with many others, support the biblical age of the earth—a young age of vi,000 years.

5:2 The earth: built-in in 4004 BC?

Pierce, www.answersingenesis.org/manufactures/am/v1/n1/globe-born-4004-bc

The age of the globe is a very contentious issue, and Christians are often mocked for believing the earth is only 6,000 years old. This age had been widely accepted by Christians, and Archbishop Ussher'southward engagement of 4004 BC was a respectable attempt at formulating the biblical historic period of the earth's creation. The engagement came into doubt when people began to trust secular dating methods over the Bible.

Ussher used the Bible every bit the basis for his calculations, supplementing his research with other historical records, but always giving the Bible supremacy. Ussher went and so far as to suggest that Day I of Creation Week was on October 23, 4004 BC. This might seem like a stretch, just Ussher used sound reasoning to go far at his date. Though we cannot know for sure that Ussher'south engagement is authentic, it is certainly a reasonable appointment based on a plain reading of Scripture. With roughly 2,000 years since Christ, about 2,000 years between Christ and Abraham, and just over two,000 years betwixt Adam and Abraham, the biblical record clearly points to a 6,000 year onetime earth.

5:three Why shouldn't Christians accept millions of years?

Mortenson, www.answersingenesis.org/manufactures/nab/why-christians-shouldnt-accept-millions

For the outset i,800 years of church history well-nigh all Christians believed in an earth created in 6 literal days about 4,000 years earlier Christ and that it was devastated by a global Flood. Almost 200 years ago the idea of long ages was popularized, and many in the church started accepting the stance of man over the Give-and-take of God. The new views include a gap in Genesis, reinterpreting the days to hateful long ages (day-age view), a local rather than a global Flood, the framework hypothesis, God-directed theistic development, and progressive creationism.

Those holding to the traditional view are referred to as young–earth creationists every bit all of the other positions accept an earth much older than vi,000 years. Many advise that promoting a young earth hinders the bulletin of the gospel and causes division in the church. All the same, compromising the text of the Bible to arrange man's ideas is much more dangerous.

Biblical support for the days of creation being 24 hour days is arable. The Hebrew word yom means a 24-hour mean solar day in the vast majority of its uses and clearly within the context of morning and evening indicates a normal 24-hour interval. Exodus twenty:11 confirms this idea as the Sabbath residue commandment is tied to Creation week. The 6,000-year age is articulate from the genealogies given in Genesis 5 and 11 and other chronological data in the Bible. Jesus's own words from Mark 10:half-dozen confirm that Adam and Eve were made at the "beginning of creation," not billions of years later.

Noah's Flood was clearly a global event accompanied by earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes as the h2o covered all of the high hills and mountains. The layers of rock containing billions of fossils are a testimony to this ending. Radiometric dating of the layers is generally used to discredit the evidence supporting a global Overflowing in recent history, but those dating methods involve many assumptions and are based on anti-biblical ideas.

One of the near important points to consider is that the Bible clearly teaches that decease is the result of sin. Belief in millions of years requires the death of billions of animals and the presence of illness and suffering in animals earlier Adam had sinned. Would God phone call a world "very good" if it contained such things? This makes God a bumbling, cruel creator who uses affliction, natural disasters, and extinctions to advance life on earth while still calling information technology "very adept."

The biblical record makes information technology clear that the idea of millions and billions of years of earth history is not compatible with Christianity.

5:4 Coming together the ancestors

Grigg

It is interesting to recollect that Lamech, Noah's father, could have talked with Adam about life in the Garden of Eden and that Abraham could have talked with Shem most life on the Ark. This is possible because the Bible meticulously records the ages of these patriarchs and their ages when their sons were born. By elementary arithmetic, we can arrive at the age of the globe based on these genealogies. The specific dates given with each of these men make it impossible to insert big gaps in the history of Genesis.

These dates also allow us to accurately appointment the Alluvion at 1,656 years later God created the earth. Information technology is often claimed by skeptics of a immature globe that there are gaps or inaccuracies in the records. However, the details given, and the fact that the genealogies are repeated in 1 Chronicles and Luke 3, indicate these are precise, literal records. In the book of Jude nosotros also read that Enoch was the 7th from Adam, just as nosotros come across in the Genesis 5 record. These ideas all reinforce that the genealogies requite a record we can trust every bit an accurate, literal history.

5:v Egypt or Babel: which came first?

Wise, www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v3/n2/arab republic of egypt-or-babel

Many nations and cultures throughout history have claimed that they are the oldest nation. Historians accept constructed chronologies to bear witness their claims, but the dates ultimately bespeak to i pivotal issue—the elusive engagement of the segmentation at Babel. From the Bible, nosotros can determine that the events of Babel happened between the Flood and the telephone call of Abraham, merely the exact date is unknown.

The nations were likely divided during the lifetime of Peleg (Genesis 10:25), who was born 101 years after the Flood and died 239 years subsequently the Flood. This biblical time frame does not fit with the male monarch lists of the Egyptians and Sumerians. However, these lists include kings who supposedly lived for thousands of years and overlapping ruling periods are listed as sequential. In that location are also unlike lists using unlike numbers of kings. The upshot is inflated genealogies when compared to the Bible.

Records of astronomical events also demonstrate that the non-biblical lists are inflated. Our current understanding of celestial movements allows u.s. to decide when these events occurred, and it is clear that the tape keepers extended their chronologies. This was most likely done to promote their culture and leaders over others. These records also fail to mention the segmentation of languages. This would advise that they were written after that event and that the record found in the Bible is the well-nigh reliable for dating Boom-boom.

5:6 The 16 grandsons of Noah

Hunt and Grigg

Afterwards the Overflowing, the globe was repopulated past Noah's three sons, who had a total of xvi sons of their ain every bit recorded in Genesis 10. Later the dispersion at Boom-boom, these grandsons were spread across the globe and founded nations in the areas they settled.

Many ancient cultures worshipped their ancestors, and the names of many regions, physical features, and people groups can exist traced back to ane of the sixteen grandsons. Of the seven sons of Japheth, the Gomerites tin can exist traced to Western Europe. The Welsh linguistic communication is called Gomeraeg, and Welsh history records the landing of the descendants of Gomer 300 years after the Flood. Many other names can be traced through history back to one of these seven sons and their descendants equally they settled throughout Europe and western Asia.

Of the 4 sons of Ham, Phut is the Hebrew name for Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya, Cush is the name for Ethiopia, and Mizraim the word for Egypt. The fourth son, Canaan, is the namesake of the region known as Palestine today—the biblical state of the Canaanites and Philistines.

From the five sons of Shem nosotros tin as well identify where their descendants settled. Elam is the ancient name for Persia, the expanse we know as Islamic republic of iran today. Asshur is the Hebrew word for the Assyrians, and history records that he was worshipped past his descendants. Eber, a descendant of Arphaxad, gave his proper name to the Hebrew people, while Lydia, now western Turkey, bears the beginnings of Lud. Aramaic is the language of the Syrians, a group that can be traced to Aram.

Looking only briefly at the grandsons of Noah makes it articulate that these were historical individuals who founded the earliest civilizations after the Flood.

five:vii Taking a bead on an old world

www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v3/n1/taking-a-bead

A dozen seashell necklaces (or maybe bracelets) were discovered in a cave in Kingdom of morocco, North Africa. The discovery surprised archaeologists who dated the ornamental jewelry at 82,000 years erstwhile, but previously believed that humans had not developed such art until effectually 50,000 years agone.

Dating such discoveries has led some Christians to wonder when God created humans. Many "progressive creationists" accept gradually pushed their range of dates dorsum: 10,000–25,000 years, then 10,000–35,000, up to 60,000, and sometimes up to 100,000 years.

A clear reading of Genesis, on the other hand, shows that mankind was created most 6,000 years ago, only all vestiges of the earliest cultures were destroyed during the Flood. These artifacts, found in postal service-Flood geologic formations, must be less than 4,300 years quondam. The dating methods of secular archaeologists are based on incorrect assumptions, and the central to correct dates is the infallible Word of God.

Questions to Consider

1. How many different ways are there to calculate the age of the globe and its systems? Why don't they all agree? How do we know which is correct?
2. How can nosotros explain the relatively sudden appearance of advanced civilizations well-nigh 10,000 years ago if humans have been around for 100–200,000 years?
3. Why practice scientists reject the Bible as an authentic record of the past, when there are so many archaeological finds confirmed past the Bible?
4. If the scientific age of the earth has changed many times in the past, why should nosotros trust the dates given in the textbooks today? How old were you taught the world was when you were in loftier schoolhouse/higher

Tools for Excavation Deeper

The New Answers Book by Ken Ham et al.

The New Answers Volume two by Ken Ham et al.

Radioisotopes and the Age of the Globe Volume i (Technical) by ICR

Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth Book 2 (Technical) by ICR

Thousands . . . Not Billions by Don DeYoung

www.answersingenesis.org/get/dating

www.answersingenesis.org/go/young

www.answersingenesis.org/go/anthropology

www.answersingenesis.org/go/history

www.answersingenesis.org/become/compromise

Chief Books has graciously granted AiG permission to publish selected capacity of this book online. To buy a copy delight visit our online store.

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Source: https://answersingenesis.org/astronomy/solar-system/age-of-the-solar-system/

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